Details to the capacitor, inductor and magnet.

Capacitor: This is a device that stored electrical energy for circuits initially power required. Capacitor consists of two conducting materials are separated by dielectric materials such as mica; paper etc. is the property of storing electrical energy known as capacitor or condenser but net charge in a capacitor is zero.  When voltage (V) applied to move electric charge (Q) in dielectric medium then Q ∝ V also written as Q=CV where Q charge in coulombs, V in volt, C in farads is called capacitance. Other units of capacitance are micro farads, pico farads and nano farads. We can define the farads when stored electrical energy increases by one coulombs and voltage changes at the rate of one volt per second is called one farads. Various type of capacitor based on dielectric materials paper, mica, ceramic and electrolyte capacitors. Charging the capacitor by battery connected across it and discharge by shorting the positive and negative each other. When the voltage applied in two conducting plates (V) and charged (Q) on the plates then stored energy in a capacitor is E=1/2 Q V or E=1/2 CV2 .DC capacitor used in electronics circuits for small voltages. AC capacitor used for low voltages applications such as ceiling fan, air cooler and air conditioner etc. and high voltages capacitors used for power factor improvement as we know current lead the voltage  in capacitor circuits at 90degree power factor maximum  called capacitor banks. The value of capacitance is directly proportional to the area of conducting materials (i.g. plate, wire, cylindrical) and inversely proportional to the distance between conducting materials separated by dielectric materials. (A) Capacitance between two plates C=K*ε0*A / d Farads where K is permittivity, ε0- epsilon naught the value is 8.854 X 10-12, A- area of plates sq. cm, d distance between two plates means thickness of dielectric in cm. (B) Capacitance between  more than two plates C=K*ε0*A(N-1) / d Farads. Permittivity is ability of a dielectric to store energy; we can also define energy stored per unit volume for unit potential gradient. This is unity for air and vacuum. The instrument used for measurement multimeter, Ammeter and voltmeter method and AC bridge method. Separate port provided to measurement of capacitance in multimeter discharge before used. In ammeter and voltmeter capacitance calculated C= 2 π f c v if voltage and current measurement through ammeter and voltmeter. In AC bridge two non inductive resistance, condenser under measurement and a standard condenser connected in bridge.

Construction of capacitor

Inductor: A coil of any conducting materials such as copper, aluminum called inductor. When inductor connected a power source due to this electric current flow a magnetic field developed. The energy is stored in a magnetic field as long as current flows, this magnetic field helps to store the electric current for a short time, even if the supply removed. We can say the capacitor stored electrical energy and inductor stored magnetic energy. When voltage applied in inductor (coil) due to change in current flux also change, change in flux EMF induced in it this is called inductance of coil. The direction of induced e m f opposes the flow of current, inductance is denoted by (L) and unit is Henry. One henry is define when 1volt is induced in a coil and current changes at the rate of  1amp per second. Various types of inductor are Fixed inductor, Iron core inductor, Air core inductor, Toroidal core inductor and Laminated core inductor. Fixed type inductor number of turns of the fixed coil remains the same used in electronics equipment such as radios. In iron core inductor conducting coil wound on iron core called ferromagnetic materials such as ferrite used higher frequency tuning .In Air core inductor conducting coil wound on non magnetic materials such as ceramic and plastic consider as air cored used as radios frequency. In toroidal core inductor conducting coil wound on magnetic core circular ring like iron powder used in AC electronics circuits application where high frequency and low power required. In Laminated core inductor conducting coil wound on thin steel sheet called soft iron piece used a low frequency suitable for transformer applications.

Construction of inductor

Magnet: In electrical magnet play an important role. Magnet is a body which attracts a piece of iron (magnetic material) place near it; have two poles one is the north another south pole. Opposite pole attracts each other and similar pole repel each other. There are two types of magnet permanent and electromagnet; permanent magnet also called natural used in alternator and other industrial applications but in case of electromagnet magnate  produced when current flowing in wingdings of motors placed around a  core of soft iron as long as supply given. Magnetic field is the area around a magnet within which it can attract a magnetic substance. Magnetic flux (φ) is a measurement of the total magnetic which passes through a given area. If a quantity soft iron materials placed around the current carrying conductor are arranged themselves in a definite patterns because of lines of force known as magnetic flux. This line of force travels from north to south outside the magnet and south to north within the magnet expressed as Maxwell. Flux density (B) is the flux (φ) per unit area Maxwell/sq.cm i.e. B= φ/A where φ=magnetic flux in Maxwell, A= area in sq.cm. Magneto motive Force (MMF) is the force which produces magnetic flux in magnetic circuits close similarity to electromotive force (EMF).MMF expressed as Gilberts and Ampere turns. MMF=0.4πNI. NI=Ampere turns. Magnetizing Force (H) is defined as MMF per unit length of path of the magnetic flux expressed as ampere turn per meter. Permeability is the ratio of flux density to the corresponding magnetizing force μ=B/H is unity for air and non magnetic materials. There are rules for electromagnets flaming right   hand rule finger pointing in the direction of current flow and the thumb will point the direction of North pole. The screw rule turn in the direction of current flow and travels in the direction of north pole. In case of AC generator Fleming right hand rules is applicable  thumb point direction of conductor motion forefinger direction of the flux and middle finger will point direction of induced EMF.

Construction of magnet